GPT Model Family
A set of foundational model endpoints provided by OpenAI. Applications call models through APIs; the models themselves do not directly include any application's interface or account permissions.
APIChatGPT
Suitable for distinguishing 'models' from 'applications that use models', and also explains why the same model might appear in different products.
Llama Model Family
A foundational model family provided by Meta, available for official APIs, open-weight deployment and local inference.
APIOpen weightsLocal runtime
Suitable for explaining how open-weight models enter third-party applications, cloud services and local runtime environments.
Mistral Model Family
Foundational models, assistant and agent-related technologies provided by Mistral AI.
APIOpen weightsApplications
Suitable for explaining how a model provider can simultaneously offer models, APIs, assistants and application products.
ChatGPT
User-facing AI application offering conversation, files, tools, and memory features. Actual available capabilities depend on account, subscription, and product version.
WebDesktopMobile
Good for explaining how the application layer combines models, interfaces, context, tools, memory, and permissions, while users experience the application as a whole.
Microsoft Copilot
Microsoft's AI assistant entry point for individuals and organizations, connecting search, productivity apps, and work data based on products and accounts.
WebMobileWindowsMicrosoft 365
Good for explaining how the same assistant name may cover multiple products and permission environments, with enterprise data boundaries being particularly important.
NotebookLM
AI research and understanding tool centered on user-provided datasets, suitable for Q&A, summarization, and organization around sources.
WebMobile
Good for explaining the relationship between retrieval augmentation, contextual sources, citation verification, and hallucination checking in data-centric applications.
Doubao
ByteDance's user-facing AI assistant product, offering conversation, search, content processing, and related tool entry points.
WebMobileDesktop
Good for explaining how mass-market AI applications integrate models, search, files, tools, and content ecosystems.
Tencent Yuanbao
Tencent's user-facing AI assistant product, combining search, content, and productivity capabilities within the Tencent ecosystem.
WebMobileDesktop
Good for explaining how AI applications are influenced by their platform ecosystem, account permissions, and available tool connections.
Perplexity
AI Q&A and research workstation focused on web retrieval and source citations.
WebMobileDesktop
Good for illustrating how search, source linking, citation checking, and answer organization collaborate in search-based AI applications.
Google AI Studio
Developer platform for experimenting with Gemini models, prompts, structured outputs, and API prototypes.
WebAPI
Good for understanding how model parameters, context, structured outputs, and evaluation connect when transitioning from prompt experimentation to API calls.
Azure AI Foundry
Microsoft's enterprise platform for building, evaluating, deploying, and managing AI applications and agents.
WebAPIAzure
Good for explaining how enterprise-level models and agent projects require model directories, evaluation, deployment, identity, permissions, and observability capabilities.
Amazon Bedrock
AWS's managed models and generative AI platform, providing unified access to multiple foundation models and components needed for building Agents.
AWSAPI
Suitable for explaining how cloud platforms provide a unified layer between model supply, access control, logging, deployment, and enterprise governance.
Model PlatformGoogle CloudVertex AI
Google Cloud's machine learning and generative AI platform, providing model access, training, deployment, evaluation, and Agent tools.
Google CloudAPI
Suitable for understanding model development, production deployment, permission governance, and evaluation within the same cloud platform context.
Claude Model Family
Anthropic's foundation model family. Models can be called via API or Claude application, with actual capabilities varying by model and product configuration.
APIClaude
Suitable for explaining the hierarchical relationship between model families, specific model versions, and user applications.
Claude
Anthropic's user-facing AI application, providing access to conversations, project contexts, files, and tools.
WebDesktopMobile
Suitable for comparing the differences between models and applications within the same organization, and how the product layer organizes contexts and tools.
Agent Runtime EnvironmentAnthropicClaude Code
An Agent environment for software engineering tasks, capable of reading codebases, executing commands, modifying files, and continuing work based on inspection results.
CLIIDE
Suitable for explaining the relationships between Agents, tool calling, permissions, workflows, and verifiable results.
Gemini Model Family
Google's foundation model family, callable via developer interfaces or Google products.
APIGoogle products
Suitable for explaining how the same model family can surface in different products such as search, productivity tools, developer tools, and third-party applications.
Gemini
Google's user-facing AI application entry point, capable of connecting search, files, workspaces, and tool capabilities based on product and account.
WebMobileGoogle products
Suitable for explaining why an application may or may not connect to external tools, which cannot be determined solely by the underlying model name.
Grok Model Family
SpaceXAI's foundation model family, accessible via developer API or Grok product entry.
APIGrokX
Suitable for illustrating how the same model family can serve independent applications, social products, and other developer applications simultaneously.
Grok
SpaceXAI's user-facing Grok product entry point, providing conversation and other capabilities determined by the current product configuration.
WebiOSAndroidX
Suitable for observing how the same model family is delivered to users through multiple surfaces such as web, mobile apps, and social platforms.
DeepSeek Model Family
DeepSeek's foundational model family, with some models released as open weights, also available through official or other hosted endpoints.
APIOpen weightsDeepSeek app
Suitable for distinguishing between open weights, official applications, and third-party hosting, and explaining how the same model has different options across different runtime environments.
DeepSeek
DeepSeek's user-facing AI application, providing conversation, files, and other product features. Specific capabilities are subject to current official product documentation.
WebMobile
Suitable for illustrating how institution names, model names, and application names often use the same terms, requiring confirmation of which layer is being referred to when reading.
GLM Model Family
A set of foundational model entry points provided by Zhipu, usable for conversation, reasoning, and other application scenarios.
APIOpen weightsApplications
Suitable for explaining the distinctions between model families, API services, and application products in the domestic model ecosystem.
Qwen Model Family
The foundational model family provided by Alibaba Cloud, containing models of different scales and purposes, usable through cloud services, open weights, or application entry points.
APIOpen weightsQwen app
Suitable for illustrating that a model family can have multiple scales and deployment methods, and cannot be fully characterized by a single product experience.
AI ApplicationMoonshot AIKimi
User-facing AI application, providing conversation, document processing, and related tool entry points.
WebMobileAPI
Suitable for illustrating how application products organize user experience around context, files, and retrieval.
Agent Runtime EnvironmentOpenAICodex
Agent environment for software engineering tasks, capable of performing multi-step modifications, testing, and result verification around codebases.
CloudCLIIDE
Suitable for observing how an Agent combines models, files, commands, permissions, and verification into a deliverable workflow.
WorkBuddy
Tencent's all-scenario AI office workbench. After the user presents a task, it can plan steps, invoke connectors and skills, generate files, and retain the process and results for review.
WebDesktopMobile
Suitable for illustrating that office Agents not only answer questions, but also combine task planning, tools, connectors, skills, and file delivery.
Agent Runtime EnvironmentDeepSeekDeepSeek Harness
The officially open-sourced Agent Harness from DeepSeek, currently in developer preview. It treats models, tools, skills, conversations, sandboxes, storage, loops, scheduling, and interfaces all as replaceable plugins.
CLIWebOpen source
Suitable for clarifying the distinction between Harness and models: models are responsible for reasoning, while Harness is responsible for environment, tools, execution loops, lifecycle, and runtime trajectory.
Manus
A task-oriented general-purpose AI Agent product that can execute multi-step operations around a goal and deliver results.
WebMobile
Suitable for observing how general Agents organize goals, tools, execution steps, and final deliverables.
Cursor
A development environment for code editing and project tasks, combining editor, model, codebase context, and command execution.
Desktop IDE
Suitable for illustrating how IDE products embed model capabilities into existing software engineering workflows.
GitHub Copilot
GitHub's AI coding Agent for software development, combining codebase context, editor, commands, and code hosting workflows.
IDECLIWeb
Suitable for illustrating how coding Agents are embedded in code hosting and review systems, rather than just appearing in standalone chat windows.
OpenHands
An open-source software engineering Agent that can read codebases, execute commands, modify files, and continue processing tasks based on test or error results.
WebCLIOpen source
Suitable for observing how open-source Agents advance software development tasks within inspectable code, command, and test loops.
Aider
A terminal-oriented AI pair programming tool that can edit files in the codebase, view diffs, and use Git to manage modifications.
CLIOpen source
Suitable for illustrating how coding Agents keep modifications inspectable through diffs, version control, and human confirmation.
Agent Runtime EnvironmentGoogleGemini CLI
Google's open-source terminal AI Agent, bringing Gemini capabilities to command-line tasks and development workflows.
CLIOpen source
Suitable for illustrating how Agent Harness combines models, terminal environments, tools, and task loops.
Agent Runtime EnvironmentGoogleGoogle Antigravity
Google's agent-first development platform, including a desktop command center that can manage local Agents in parallel, a full IDE, CLI, and an SDK for building custom Agents.
DesktopIDECLISDK
Suitable for illustrating how the same Agent Harness can be exposed across desktop, IDE, command line, and SDK, and manage parallel tasks, workspaces, and scheduled tasks.
Windsurf
A development environment for repository tasks, providing capabilities such as conversation, editing, commands, and project context.
Desktop IDE
Suitable for comparing how different coding Agent products organize context, tools, and human approval.
Cline
An open-source coding Agent for code tasks, capable of working with editors, models, commands, and project files.
IDE extension
Suitable for illustrating how Agent products can be composed of editor extensions, model configurations, and tool permissions.
Local Runtime ToolsOllamaOllama
A tool for downloading and running open-weight models locally, providing local model management and invocation entry points.
macOSWindowsLinuxCLI
Suitable for understanding boundaries such as local inference, model files, hardware resources, and data remaining on the local machine.
Local Runtime Toolsggml-orgllama.cpp
A local model inference project implemented in C/C++, supporting quantization and running various open-weight models.
CLIServerOpen source
Suitable for understanding the relationship between low-level inference, quantization, model files, and local hardware resources.
Local Runtime ToolsLM StudioLM Studio
A local model running tool for desktop users, providing model download, parameter configuration, and local service entry points.
macOSWindowsLinux
Suitable for observing how local model capabilities are influenced by model size, quantization, memory, and hardware.
Local Runtime ToolsvLLM ProjectvLLM
A high-throughput inference engine for model service deployment, supporting inference optimizations such as batched requests and key-value caching.
ServerPythonLinux
Suitable for understanding the differences between inference services and regular chat applications, and how caching and service resources impact usage.